Economic – The economy of a country often faces challenges, where issues such as inflation and unemployment become hurdles that must be overcome. The views of economists like Keynes in the 1930s indicate that achieving full employment in the economy does not always occur, and unemployment tends to persist, depending on the economic conditions at the time.
History records how the Great Depression of 1929 to 1933, which struck capitalist countries, resulted in a drastic decline in economic output, while the unemployment rate soared sharply. In the current era of open economies, economic crises are no longer just internal affairs of a country but can have global ramifications. Examples include the monetary crisis that struck Asia in 1997/1998 and the global crisis that began with the financial crisis in the United States in 2008.
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In the context of ever-looming economic fluctuations, the problems of inflation and unemployment become more acute when the economy is experiencing ups and downs (business cycles). Both of these issues have the potential to trigger the emergence of new problems in the economy, such as increased poverty rates, social inequalities due to uneven income distribution, and even broader social issues. To anticipate excessive fluctuations in the business cycle, governments implement two main types of policies: monetary policy and fiscal policy.
Monetary Policy: Controlling the Value of Money
Monetary policy refers to a series of measures and policy instruments taken by a country’s central bank to regulate the amount of money in circulation and interest rates in the economy. The primary goal of monetary policy is to achieve price stability, promote sustainable economic growth, and control inflation. In many countries, central banks have autonomy in determining their monetary policies, although sometimes they also have to consider government policies and global market conditions.
One of the main instruments in monetary policy is interest rate regulation. Central banks can use interest rates to control inflation and economic growth. For example, when inflation rises, central banks may raise interest rates to reduce demand and control inflation rates. Conversely, in situations where the economy is experiencing growth slowdowns or deflation, central banks can lower interest rates to stimulate investment and consumption.
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In addition to interest rate regulation, central banks can also use other instruments such as open market operations. In these operations, central banks buy or sell government securities to control the amount of money in circulation in the market. If a central bank wants to reduce the amount of money in circulation, they will sell securities, while if they want to increase the amount of money in circulation, they will buy securities.
Fiscal Policy: Managing Government Expenditures and Revenues
While monetary policy deals with regulating the value of money and interest rates, fiscal policy deals with managing government revenues and expenditures. The main objectives of fiscal policy are to achieve economic stability, promote economic growth, and create wealth equality through fair income distribution.
One of the main instruments in fiscal policy is tax rate regulation and government spending. Governments can use tax policies to regulate the amount of money circulating in society. For example, in situations where inflation becomes a problem, the government can raise taxes to reduce the amount of money in circulation and control inflation rates. On the other hand, in situations where the economy is experiencing growth slowdowns, governments can lower taxes to stimulate consumer spending and investment.
